As dogs get older, they may develop certain health conditions that can be tricky to recognize at first. One such condition is Cushing’s disease, a hormonal disorder that affects many senior dogs but often goes undiagnosed for a long time. If your dog seems to be drinking more water, gaining weight despite a healthy diet, or losing hair without explanation, Cushing’s disease could be the reason.
At Killarney Animal Hospital, we want pet owners to feel informed and prepared to care for their furry companions. Here’s everything you need to know about Cushing’s disease in dogs, from causes and symptoms to treatment options and long-term care.
What Is Cushing’s Disease?
Cushing’s disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition in which the body produces too much cortisol—a hormone that helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress. While cortisol is essential for normal body function, excessive levels can lead to serious health issues, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and a weakened immune system.
There are two main types of Cushing’s disease in dogs:
- Pituitary-Dependent Cushing’s Disease (PDH)
- Accounts for about 80-85% of cases
- Caused by a benign tumor on the pituitary gland, which overstimulates the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol
- Adrenal-Dependent Cushing’s Disease (ADH)
- Accounts for about 15-20% of cases
- Caused by a tumor on one of the adrenal glands, which directly increases cortisol production
There is also iatrogenic Cushing’s disease, which occurs when a dog has been on long-term steroid medications, leading to excessive cortisol in the body.
Common Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease
Cushing’s disease develops slowly over time, making it difficult to recognize in the early stages. Many pet owners mistake the signs for normal aging. If you notice any of the following symptoms, it’s worth bringing your dog in for a check-up:
- Increased thirst and urination – If your dog is drinking more water than usual and having more frequent accidents, it could be a sign.
- Increased appetite – Dogs with Cushing’s often seem hungrier than normal and may beg for food more frequently.
- Hair loss and thinning coat – Many dogs with Cushing’s lose hair, especially on their belly, flanks, or tail, while their head and legs remain unaffected.
- Pot-bellied appearance – One of the most recognizable signs is a swollen abdomen, caused by muscle loss and fat redistribution.
- Lethargy and weakness – If your once-active dog seems more tired than usual, Cushing’s may be affecting their energy levels.
- Panting more frequently – Dogs with this condition tend to pant more, even when they’re not hot or stressed.
- Recurring skin infections – Since cortisol weakens the immune system, frequent skin or ear infections can be a red flag.
Because these symptoms develop gradually, many pet owners don’t realize something is wrong until the disease has progressed.
How Is Cushing’s Disease Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Cushing’s disease requires a combination of clinical signs, blood tests, and specialized diagnostics. Your veterinarian may recommend:
- Bloodwork and urinalysis – These tests can reveal changes in liver enzymes and urine concentration that may suggest Cushing’s.
- Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (LDDST) – This is the most common test, which measures how your dog’s body responds to a small dose of steroids.
- ACTH stimulation test – This test evaluates how the adrenal glands respond to a hormone that triggers cortisol production.
- Ultrasound – An ultrasound can help determine if the adrenal glands are enlarged or if a tumor is present.
Because no single test is 100% accurate, your vet may need to perform multiple tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment Options for Cushing’s Disease
Treatment depends on the type of Cushing’s disease and the overall health of your dog. Options include:
- Medication – The most common treatment for pituitary-dependent Cushing’s is a medication called trilostane (Vetoryl), which helps control cortisol production. Another option is mitotane (Lysodren), though it requires careful monitoring.
- Surgery – If your dog has adrenal-dependent Cushing’s, surgery to remove the adrenal tumor may be an option, especially if the tumor is benign and localized.
- Radiation therapy – For dogs with pituitary tumors, radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumor and reduce symptoms.
- Managing symptoms – Even with treatment, some dogs will need supportive care to manage secondary conditions like skin infections, high blood pressure, or diabetes.
Your vet will help determine the best course of action based on your dog’s age, overall health, and specific type of Cushing’s.
What Is the Prognosis for Dogs With Cushing’s?
Cushing’s disease is a chronic condition, but with proper management, many dogs live comfortably for years after diagnosis. The key is regular vet check-ups and adjusting treatment as needed.
Without treatment, Cushing’s disease can lead to serious complications, including:
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Blood clots
- Kidney disease
By staying proactive with early detection and proper treatment, you can help your dog maintain a good quality of life.
How to Support a Dog With Cushing’s Disease
If your dog has been diagnosed with Cushing’s, there are several ways you can help them feel their best:
- Monitor their water intake and appetite – Sudden changes may indicate that medication needs to be adjusted.
- Keep up with vet visits – Regular check-ups and blood tests ensure the treatment is working properly.
- Watch for new symptoms – If your dog develops infections, lethargy, or unexplained weight loss, contact your vet.
- Provide a balanced diet – Some vets recommend a low-fat, high-protein diet to help manage muscle loss.
- Maintain a consistent routine – Dogs with Cushing’s thrive on predictability, so try to keep feeding, walks, and medications on a schedule.
Final Thoughts
Cushing’s disease is a complex but manageable condition that requires close monitoring and care. If you’ve noticed any suspicious symptoms in your dog, don’t wait—early diagnosis can make a big difference in their long-term health.
At Killarney Animal Hospital, we’re here to guide you through the process and provide the best care possible for your pet. If you suspect Cushing’s disease or have any concerns, schedule an appointment with us today to discuss your dog’s health.
